MEMORANDUM OPINION

REGGIE B. WALTON, District Judge.

The plaintiff in this civil lawsuit, the American Federation of Government Employees, AFL-CIO, Local 3669 (the "Union"), seeks reversal of a decision issued by the Under Secretary for Health of the Department of Veterans Affairs (the "Under Secretary") on behalf of the Secretary of Veterans Affairs (the "Secretary") pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act ("APA"), 5 U.S.C. § 702 (2006). First Amended Complaint for Injunctive and Declaratory Relief ("Am. Compl.") ¶¶ 48-63. Currently before the Court is the Secretary's motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, his motion for summary judgment ("Def.'s Mot."), and the Union's cross-motion for summary judgment. Upon careful consideration of the first amended complaint, the parties' cross-motions, all memoranda of law and exhibits relating to those motions, and the administrative record,1 the Court concludes that it must deny the Secretary's motions and grant in part and deny in part the Union's cross-motion for summary judgment.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Statutory Framework

This case concerns the interplay between two statutory schemes: the Federal Sector Labor Management Relations Statute ("FSLMRS"), 5 U.S.C. §§ 7101-7135 (2006), which governs federal employees' labor relations generally, and chapter 74 of title 38 of the United States Code, which governs the terms and conditions of employment of Veterans Health Administration ("VHA") personnel,2 38 U.S.C. §§ 7401-7474 (2006) ("VHA personnel statute"). The FSLMRS authorizes the Federal Labor Relations Authority ("FLRA") to adjudicate "unfair labor practice" complaints stemming from alleged violations of labor rights provided by the FSLMRS, 5 U.S.C. § 7118, including the right of collective bargaining, see id. § 7116(a). Those labor rights do not necessarily apply with full force to VHA medical professionals, however, as the VHA personnel statute makes clear that "[n]otwithstanding any law, Executive order, or regulation, the Secretary shall prescribe by regulation the hours and conditions of employment and leaves of absence of employees appointed under any provision of this chapter in positions in the Veterans Health Administration listed in subsection (b)."3 38 U.S.C. § 7421(a).

In 1998 in Colorado Nurses Ass'n v. FLRA, 851 F.2d 1486 (D.C.Cir.1988), the District of Columbia Circuit construed § 7421(a) of the VHA personnel statute as granting the Secretary "unfettered discretion" to establish regulations regarding the working conditions of VHA medical professionals, and consequently held that such employees had no collective bargaining rights under the FSLMRS. Id. at 1492. Congress thereafter passed legislation in 1991 declaring that VHA medical professionals would, in fact, have largely the same rights of collective bargaining as other federal employees. See Department of Veterans Affairs Health-Care Personnel Act, Pub.L. No. 102-40, title II, § 202, 105 Stat. 187, 200 (1991), codified at 38 U.S.C. § 7422(a). As the statute now provides:

38 U.S.C. § 7422(a). The VHA personnel statute does, however, impose the following three limitations on the FSLMRS collective bargaining rights accorded to VHA medical professionals:

Id. § 7422(b). Pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 7422(d), the Secretary has exclusive authority to determine whether a matter falls under one of § 7422(b)'s collective bargaining exceptions:

Id. § 7422(d). The Secretary has delegated his § 7422(d) authority to the Under Secretary. Am. Fed'n of Gov't Employees, Local 446 v. Nicholson, 475 F.3d 341, 345 (D.C.Cir.2007).

B. Factual and Procedural Background

The following facts are not in dispute and are taken from either the Union's first amended complaint or the administrative record ("A.R.") filed in this case. The Union is designated as the exclusive labor organization representative for registered nurses at the Department of Veterans Affairs' Medical Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota (the "Medical Center"). Am. Compl. ¶ 4. In December 2007,4 a labor arbitration hearing was held concerning the potential termination of Belinda Savage, a respiratory therapist employed by the Medical Center. Id. ¶ 9; A.R., Attachment ("Attach.") L (September 2, 2008 decision paper) at 2. Three registered nurses testified at the arbitration hearing: Anita Krehnke, Barb Galle, and Karen Rafter. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 10-11. Krehnke testified that Savage had failed to follow proper procedures in providing medical care to patients. Id. ¶ 10. Galle and Rafter, both members of the Union, provided testimony regarding Krehnke's performance as a nurse at the Medical Center. Id. ¶¶ 12, 14. According to Jason Rudie, the attorney who represented the Medical Center at the hearing, Galle testified that Krehnke "was lazy and not a good nurse, or words to that effect," and Rafter said that "in her opinion" Krehnke "practices below the standard of care." A.R., Attach. B (Declaration of Jason Rudie) ¶¶ 1-3; Am. Compl. ¶ 16.

Rudie reported his observations concerning the nurses' testimony to the Medical Center's "Nurse Executive," Christine Lund, who thereafter issued two identical memoranda to Galle and Rafter. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 16-17. Both memoranda contained the subject line "[r]eporting obligations" and stated that "[d]uring an arbitration session last week, I understand that you made several statements that called into question the clinical practice of a fellow nurse." A.R., Attach. C (December 18, 2007 Memorandum to Rafter); id., Attach. D (December 18, 2007 Memorandum to Galle). The memoranda went on to recite the "requirement[s] for reporting licensed nurses," which Nurse Executive Lund summarized as follows: "If you have knowledge that a RN is incompetent, unprofessional, unethical or unable to practice safely, you have an obligation to report that information to [the Nurse Executive] or a manager so that the procedures outlined in VHA Handbook 1100.18 Reporting and Responding to State Licensing Boards may be initiated." Id. Nurse Executive Lund concluded by stating that "I will be scheduling some time with you to discuss your specific allegations. Please be advised that failure to report practice as noted above is grounds for disciplinary action." Id.

On January 11, 2008, the Union filed two unfair labor practice charges with the FLRA against the Medical Center based on the statements made by Nurse Executive Lund in her memoranda. Am. Compl. ¶ 22. Emphasizing that Nurse Executive Lund "demanded to meet" with Rafter and Galle and "stated that [they] could be subject to disciplinary action," the Union's unfair labor practice charges asserted that "management's actions" constituted unlawful "reprisal" for Rafter's and Galle's "testimony on behalf of the Union [at the arbitration hearing] and [was] an attempt to intimidate all employees." A.R., Attach. E (FLRA Charge Against Agency for Rafter); id., Attach. F (FLRA Charge Against Agency for Galle).

While the Union's charges were pending before the FLRA, the Medical Center requested that the Under Secretary issue a ruling under 38 U.S.C. § 7422(d) that the Union's unfair labor practice charges fell into the collective bargaining exclusion for matters concerning "professional conduct or competence." Am. Compl. ¶ 28; see 38 U.S.C. § 7422(b)(1) (excluding from "collective bargaining" and "any grievance procedures provided under a collective bargaining agreement ... any matter or question concerning or arising out of ... professional conduct or competence"). The Union submitted an opposition to the Medical Center's request, contending, among other things, that because the charges raised neither "an issue of `collective bargaining'" nor "a matter of `grievance procedure' coverage" within the meaning of § 7422(b), the Under Secretary had no statutory authority under § 7422(d) "to apply any of the [§ ]7422(b) exclusions." A.R., Attach. J (Memorandum in Opposition to Request of VAMC Minneapolis ("Pl.'s Admin. Opp'n")) at 2. Rather than relating to collective bargaining, the Union argued that its charges concerned whether the Medical Center "interfered with the statutory right of unit employees to support their union in a labor arbitration by issuing threatening memos to those employee." Id.; see 5 U.S.C. § 7102 (providing that "[e]ach employee shall have the right to form, join, or assist any labor organization, or to refrain from any such activity, freely and without fear of penalty or reprisal, and each employee shall be protected in the exercise of such right.").

On September 2, 2008, the Under Secretary issued a "Title 38 Decision Paper" finding that the "Unfair Labor Practice charges filed by [the Union] alleging reprisal for [the] testimony provided by [Rafter and Galle] on behalf of the [U]nion" at the arbitration hearing "ar[o]se out of professional conduct or competence within the meaning of 38 U.S.C. § 7422(b)." A.R., Attach. L (September 2, 2008 decision paper) at 6. Noting that "the Minnesota Board of Nursing reporting obligations ... require individual nurses to report personal knowledge of any conduct by another nurse that might be evidence of incompetence, unprofessional [or] unethical conduct, or evidence that another nurse is unable to practice safely," id. at 5, the Under Secretary reasoned that the Medical Center's investigation of the comments allegedly made by Galle and Rafter at the arbitration hearing "ar[o]se out of management's investigation concerning Krehnke's professional competence," and that "an inquiry as to whether clinical staff had knowledge of shortcomings regarding either the quality of direct patient care being provided or the clinical competence of another provider[] is a matter concerning or arising out of professional conduct or competence," id. at 6. The September 2, 2008 decision paper did not address the Union's threshold argument that the Under Secretary had no statutory authority to apply the § 7422(b)(1) collective bargaining exclusion because, as the Union saw it, the unfair labor practice charges were unrelated to collective bargaining.

The Union then filed its complaint in this Court on October 10, 2008, asserting that the Under Secretary exceeded his statutory authority in the September 2, 2008 decision paper. Complaint for Injunctive and Declaratory Relief ¶¶ 45-48. Upon consideration of the parties' crossmotions for summary judgment, the Court issued a Memorandum Opinion on August 28, 2009, concluding that the "Under Secretary failed to address" the Union's argument that he "lacks authority to apply any [§ ]7422(b) exclusion in the first place ... because the scope of the exclusions set forth in § 7422(b) apply only to collective bargaining and grievance procedures arising out of collective bargaining and the charges filed by the [Union] with the [FLRA] do not, in [the Union's] view, implicate the collective bargaining process." Am. Fed'n of Gov't Emp.'s, Local 3669 v. Shinseki, 648 F.Supp.2d 87, 93 (D.D.C. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). Because the Court found that "[t]he Under Secretary's failure to address this issue in his decision constitute[d] reversible error," it "reverse[d] the Under Secretary's decision, and remand[ed] this case to the Department of Veterans Affairs for a determination as to whether the charges filed by the [Union] with the [FLRA] qualify as `collective bargaining' or `grievance procedures provided under a collective bargaining agreement' within the meaning of § 7422(b)." Id. at 94-95.

Following the Court's remand, the Under Secretary issued a new decision paper on March 31, 2010 ("March 2010 § 7422 Decision"). Def.'s Mot., Exhibit ("Ex.") 1 (March 31, 2010 decision paper). The Under Secretary reached three conclusions in his March 2010 § 7422 Decision: (1) "The Unfair Labor Practice charges filed by [the Union] alleging reprisal for testimony provided by [Rafter and Galle] on behalf of the [U]nion" at the arbitration hearing "qualify as `collective bargaining' within the meaning of 38 U.S.C. § 7422(b)"; (2) insofar as the Union's charges relate to Nurse Executive Lund's "letters to and investigative meetings with [Rafter and Galle] concerning the professional conduct and competence of [§ ]7421(b) employees," the charges "concern or arise out [of] professional conduct or competence within the meaning of 38 U.S.C. § 7422(b)"; and (3) insofar as the Union's charges relate to Nurse Executive Lund's "letters to and investigative meetings with [Rafter and Galle] concerning issues that were unrelated to the professional conduct and competence of [§ ]7421(b) employees," the charges "do not concern or arise out [of] professional conduct or competence within the meaning of 38 U.S.C. § 7422(b)." Id. at 10-11 (emphasis added).5

The Union then filed its first amended complaint in this Court challenging the Under Secretary's March 2010 § 7422 Decision. Count I of the amended complaint alleges that the defendants have "violated, misinterpreted[,] and misapplied § 38 U.S.C. § 7422(b) and (d)" because "the March 31, 2010 decision paper ... applies the 38 U.S.C. § 7422(b)(1) exclusion to a scenario that does not qualify as or pertain to either `collective bargaining' or to `grievance procedures provided under a collective bargaining agreement' within the meaning of 38 U.S.C. § 7422(b)." Am. Compl. ¶ 51. Based on the agency's purported misapplication of § 7422(b)(1), Count I asserts that the defendants actions were "outside the scope of their authority" and should therefore be set aside under 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(C), the provision of the APA which directs reviewing courts to "hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions found to be ... in excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations, or short of statutory right." See id. ¶ 52. Similarly, Count II of the amended complaint claims that the defendants' alleged misapplication of the § 7422(b)(1) exclusion to a matter unrelated to collective bargaining constitutes agency action that is "arbitrary and capricious, an abuse of discretion, and otherwise in violation of the law" under a separate provision of the APA, 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). Id. ¶ 54. Counts III and IV of the amended complaint allege that the defendants further violated these same two provisions of the APA by misapplying the § 7422(b)(1) exclusion to a question unrelated to "professional conduct or competence." Id. ¶¶ 58-61. Finally, Count V of the amended complaint asserts a separate violation of APA § 706(2)(A) based on the Under Secretary's alleged assumptions regarding the veracity of the Medical Center's assessment of Galle's and Rafter's testimony. Id. ¶¶ 63. The Union requests the following relief: (1) "An order declaring that the defendants' March 31, 2010 decision [paper] was issued without legal authority and is an unlawful application of the cited statutory provisions"; (2) "[a] preliminary and permanent injunction enjoining [the] defendants from issuing any 38 U.S.C. § 7422(d) ruling that applies a 38 U.S.C. § 7422(b) exclusion to the subject labor practice[] charges filed by the [Union] with the FLRA"; (3) an order directing the "defendants to withdraw the March 31, 2010 decision, as well as any and all decisions applying 38 U.S.C. [§ ]7422(b) exclusions to the subject unfair labor practice[s] charges filed by the [Union] with the FLRA"; and (4) reasonable attorney's fees and costs to be paid by the defendants. Id. at 12.

On April 21, 2011, the Secretary moved for dismissal pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) or, in the alternative, for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56. In support of his motion, the Secretary contends that the March 2010 § 7422 Decision was lawful because the Union's unfair labor practice charges "qualify as collective bargaining within the meaning of 38 U.S.C. § 7422(b)." Def.'s Mem. at 2. The Secretary further argues that the charges "arose out of professional conduct or competence within the meaning of 38 U.S.C. § 7422(b)," and thus the agency's "investigation into the allegations concerning the alleged substandard clinical competence of a [VHA] nurse was not subject to collective bargaining." Id. The Secretary also contends that the March 2010 § 7422 Decision is entitled to deference under Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984). Id. The Union filed a consolidated response in opposition to the Secretary's motion and a cross-motion for summary judgment on May 26, 2011, reasserting each argument it raised at the agency level and claiming entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. See generally Pl.'s Mem.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

As noted, the Secretary has moved for dismissal pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule 12(b)(6) and alternatively moves for summary judgment under Rule 56. Rule 12(d) provides that "[i]f, on a motion under Rule 12(b)(6) ... matters outside the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion must be treated as one for summary judgment under Rule 56. All parties must be given a reasonable opportunity to present all the material that is pertinent to the motion." Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(d). Because both parties have presented materials outside the pleadings (namely, the administrative record) for the Court to consider in adjudicating their motions, the Court deems it appropriate to treat both of their motions as motions for summary judgment. See Marshall Cnty. Health Care. Auth. v. Shalala, 988 F.2d 1221, 1226 & n. 5 (D.C.Cir.1993) (noting that a district court considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion "can consult the [administrative] record to answer the legal question[s] before the court," but that "[i]t is probably the better practice for a district court always to convert to summary judgment." (emphasis added)).

"Summary judgment is the proper mechanism for deciding, as a matter of law, whether an agency action is supported by the administrative record and consistent with the APA standard of review." Loma Linda Univ. Med. Ctr. v. Sebelius, 684 F.Supp.2d 42, 52 (D.D.C.2010) (citing Stuttering Found. of Am. v. Springer, 498 F.Supp.2d 203, 207 (D.D.C.2007)); see also Richards v. INS, 554 F.2d 1173, 1177 & n. 28 (D.C.Cir.1977). However, due to the limited role of a court in reviewing the administrative record, the typical summary judgment standards set forth in Rule 56(c) are not applicable. Stuttering, 498 F.Supp.2d at 207 (citation omitted). Rather, "[u]nder the APA, it is the role of the agency to resolve factual issues to arrive at a decision that is supported by the administrative record, whereas `the function of the district court is to determine whether or not as a matter of law the evidence in the administrative record permitted the agency to make the decision it did.'" Id. (quoting Occidental Eng'g Co. v. INS, 753 F.2d 766, 769-70 (9th Cir.1985)).

III. ANALYSIS

The Court must evaluate the threshold determination made by the Under Secretary in his March 2010 § 7422 Decision: that the Union's unfair labor practice charges implicate matters of "collective bargaining" within the meaning of 38 U.S.C. § 7422(b). If this decision was incorrect, then the Under Secretary exceeded his § 7422(d) authority by applying the § 7422(b)(1) collective bargaining exclusion for matters concerning "professional conduct or competence" to the Union's charges. Before reaching this issue, though, the Court must determine what degree of deference, if any, it owes to the Under Secretary's statutory interpretation.

A. Degree of Deference Owed to the Under Secretary's Determination

When reviewing an agency's interpretation of a statute it is charged with administering, courts must apply the familiar two-step framework formulated by the Supreme Court in Chevron. At step one of the Chevron analysis, the court must determine "whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue." Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842, 104 S.Ct. 2778. "If the intent of Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter; for the court, as well as the agency, must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress." Id. at 842-43, 104 S.Ct. 2778. If, however, the Court concludes that the statute is either silent or ambiguous as to the precise question at issue, it must proceed to Chevron step two to determine whether the interpretation proffered by the agency is "based on a permissible construction of the statute." Id. at 843, 104 S.Ct. 2778. At this second step the Court must defer to agency interpretations that are not "procedurally defective, arbitrary or capricious in substance, or manifestly contrary to the statute." United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 227, 121 S.Ct. 2164, 150 L.Ed.2d 292 (2001) (citing Chevron, 467 U.S. at 844, 104 S.Ct. 2778).

According to the Secretary, Chevron deference should apply to the Under Secretary's decision that the Union's unfair labor practice charges relate to matters of "collective bargaining" because "38 U.S.C. § 7422(d) provides authority for the [Secretary] to make a determination concerning whether the [unfair labor practice charges] at issue fall within one of the enumerated exceptions to the general right to collective bargaining." Def.'s Mem. 14. The Union responds that the Court is not obligated to accord Chevron deference to the Under Secretary's ruling insofar as he interpreted provisions of the FSLMRS, a statute which the FLRA, not the Secretary, is charged with administering. See Pl.'s Cross-Reply at 2-4. The Court agrees with the Union.

Section 7422(d) plainly authorizes the Secretary (or his designee) to determine whether a given "collective bargaining" issue relates to one of the three matters excluded from collective bargaining under § 7422(b): "(1) professional conduct or competence, (2) peer review, or (3) the establishment, determination, or adjustment of employee compensation." 38 U.S.C. § 7422(d). But the Under Secretary did more than that here; rather, his March 2010 § 7422 Decision addressed the logically precedent question of whether the matters raised in the Union's unfair labor practice charges qualify as "collective bargaining." See Def.'s Mot., Ex. 1 (March 31, 2010 decision paper) at 10. In making this determination, the Under Secretary interpreted provisions of the FSLMRS and ultimately found that unfair labor practice charges are, as a general matter, part of the "collective bargaining process established by the FSLMRS." Id. at 7 (citing 5 U.S.C. § 7116). He necessarily relied upon the FSLMRS in reaching this conclusion because 38 U.S.C. § 7422 incorporates the term "collective bargaining" as that term is used in the FSLMRS. See 38 U.S.C. § 7422(a) (granting VHA medical professionals the right "to engage in collective bargaining with respect to conditions of employment through representatives chosen by them in accordance with chapter 71 of title 5 [i.e., the FSLMRS]" (emphasis added)); see also Nicholson, 475 F.3d at 345 ("38 U.S.C. § 7422(a) gives [VHA] medical professionals the right to bargain according to the rules set out in chapter 71 of title 5 [i.e., the FSLMRS], subject to limitations `specifically provided' in title 38."). Thus, insofar as the Under Secretary's decision rested on an interpretation of the FSLMRS — a statute that the Department of Veterans Affairs is not charged with administering — his decision is not entitled to Chevron deference. Cf. U.S. Dep't of Veterans Affairs v. FLRA, 9 F.3d 123, 126 (D.C.Cir.1993) ("we owe no deference to the FLRA's statutory interpretation where it has endeavored to `reconcile its organic statute [i.e., chapter 71 of title 5 — the Federal Service Labor — Management Relations Act] with a[nother] statute [i.e., title 38] not within its area of expertise.'" (quoting Colorado Nurses, 851 F.2d at 1488) (alterations in original)). The Under Secretary's decision is nonetheless "entitled to respect," but only to the extent that his statutory interpretation has the "power to persuade." Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 140, 65 S.Ct. 161, 89 L.Ed. 124 (1944); see Power v. Barnhart, 292 F.3d 781, 786 (D.C.Cir.2002) ("Under Skidmore, we grant an agency's interpretation only so much deference as its persuasiveness warrants." (citation omitted)).

B. Whether the Union's Unfair Labor Practice Charges Qualify as Matters of "Collective Bargaining"

While acknowledging the Secretary's authority to deem certain matters excluded from collective bargaining pursuant to 38 U.S.C. § 7422(d), the Union argued at the agency level, as it does now, that its unfair labor practice charges alleging reprisal for Rafter's and Galle's testimony at the arbitration hearing do not implicate matters of "collective bargaining" within the meaning of § 7422(b). A.R., Attach. J (Pl.'s Admin. Opp'n) at 2. Specifically, the Union asserted that "one of the matters clearly unaffected by the [§ ]7422(b) exclusions is the right of any federal employee, including a VA professional employee, `to form, join, or assist any labor organization' under 5 U.S.C. § 7102" of the FSLMRS, and that unfair labor practice charges premised on violations of § 7102 rights are therefore outside the scope of 38 U.S.C. § 7422. Id. At issue in this case, the Union continued, is whether the Medical Center "interfered with the statutory right [under 5 U.S.C. § 7102] of unit employees to support their union in a labor arbitration by issuing threatening memos to those employees." Id. "This is not an issue of `collective bargaining'" under § 7422(b), according to the Union, and so the "subject matter of the unfair labor practice charges do[ ] not meet the subject matter criteria for application of the [§ ]7422(b) exclusions." Id.; see also Pl.'s Mem. at 22 ("the making of statements to Galle and Rafter, as well as any subsequent inquiry or interview of Galle and Rafter, does not pertain to "collective bargaining" or "grievance procedures" as those terms are used in [§ ]7422(b)"). Thus, the Union argued, the defendants had no authority under § 7442(d) to apply the § 7422(b)(1) collective bargaining exclusion to the unfair labor practice charges. A.R., Attach. J (Pl.'s Admin. Opp'n) at 2.

In his March 2010 § 7422 Decision, the Under Secretary noted initially that unfair labor practice charges filed under 5 U.S.C. § 7116 of the FSLMRS "are a vital enforcement mechanism available to agencies, unions, and employees." Def.'s Mot., Ex. 1 (March 31, 2010 decision paper) at 7. He then determined, contrary to the Union's contention that labor rights under 5 U.S.C. § 7102 are unaffected by the 38 U.S.C. § 7422(b) collective bargaining exclusions, that "[a]n employee or union's right to file an [unfair labor practice charge] under 5 U.S.C. § 7116" as well as "an employee's right to `join, form, or assist any labor organization ...' under 5 U.S.C. § 7102" are both "tied to collective bargaining" as that term is used in the FSLMRS and the VHA personnel statute. Id. And because all unfair labor practice charges are, in the Under Secretary's view, "part of the general collective bargaining process established by the FSLMRS," he found that § 7422(b) was applicable to the Union's charges. Id. He further concluded that "the provisions of the FSLMRS cannot trump 38 U.S.C. § 7422 because where, as here, the provisions of the FSLMRS conflict with the provisions of [t]itle 38, the [t]itle 38 provisions control." Id. at 8 (citing 38 U.S.C. § 7425(b)).6

The Court finds unpersuasive the Under Secretary's conclusion that all unfair labor practice charges filed under 5 U.S.C. § 7116 "are part of the general collective bargaining process." See id. at 7. The FSLMRS defines "collective bargaining" as "the mutual obligation" of the agency and union "to consult and bargain in a good-faith effort to reach agreement with respect to the conditions of employment." 5 U.S.C. § 7103(a)(12). Regarding unfair labor practice charges, the FSLMRS authorizes the filing of a charge against an agency that has engaged in any of the eight "unfair labor practice[s]" listed at 5 U.S.C. § 7116(a)(1)-(8). Among these "unfair labor practice[s]" are actions taken by an agency "to interfere with, restrain, or coerce any employee in the exercise by the employee of any right under this chapter," id. § 7116(a)(1), "to encourage or discourage membership in any labor organization by discrimination in connection with hiring, tenure, promotion, or other conditions of employment," id. § 7116(a)(2), or — in specific reference to collective bargaining — "to refuse to consult or negotiate in good faith with a labor organization as required by this chapter," id. § 7116(a)(5). In other words, some unfair labor practice charges relate to collective bargaining, but not all of them do. Indeed, nothing in the FSLMRS indicates that the right of an employee or union to file an unfair labor practice charge is necessarily part of the collective bargaining process.7 The right to file such a charge is instead a statutory right created by the FSLMRS — one that exists apart from "the mutual obligation" of the agency and union "to consult and bargain in a good-faith effort to reach agreement with respect to the conditions of employment." See 5 U.S.C. § 7103(a)(12).

Nor does the Court find persuasive the Under Secretary's conclusion that the labor rights conferred by 5 U.S.C. § 7102 are "tied to collective bargaining." See Def.'s Mot., Ex. 1 (March 31, 2010 decision paper) at 7. Section 7102 provides as follows:

5 U.S.C. § 7102. To be sure, an unfair labor practice charge premised on violations of § 7102(2) would relate to "collective bargaining." But the Union's charges here were based on the prefatory language of § 7102, under which employees are guaranteed "the right to form, join, or assist any labor organization ... freely and without fear of penalty or reprisal." Id. As the structure of § 7102 indicates, the right to form, join, or assist a union without reprisal is broader than the right to engage in collective bargaining because the former right "includes" the latter right. See id. It follows, then, that alleged violations of the right to form, join, or assist a union without reprisal do not necessarily implicate the right to engage in collective bargaining. Such is the case here, as the Union's unfair labor practice charges are based not on the Secretary's failure to engage in collective bargaining, but on alleged reprisal in violation of § 7102 for the nurses' testimony in support of the Union at the arbitration hearing.

The case upon which the Under Secretary principally relied in his March 2010 § 7422 Decision, United States Department of Veterans Affairs v. FLRA ("Amarillo"), 1 F.3d 19 (D.C.Cir.1993), does not aid and, to an extent, undermines his conclusion. The dispute at issue in Amarillo occurred before Congress's 1991 amendments to the VHA personnel statute. Accordingly, the Amarillo court noted at the beginning of its decision that VHA medical professionals "had no statutory right to engage in collective bargaining respecting the conditions of their employment" under the then-applicable law. Id. at 21. The Circuit proceeded to consider whether the FLRA exceeded its authority by ordering the Secretary to provide a union with minutes of clinical staff meetings involving VHA medical professionals pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 7114(b)(4)(B), id. at 22-23, a provision of the FSLMRS requiring agencies to furnish labor organizations with "data ... necessary for ... discussion, understanding, and negotiation of subjects within the scope of collective bargaining," 5 U.S.C. § 7114(b)(4)(B) (emphasis added). The FLRA defended its decision by contending that "the right to information secured by 5 U.S.C. § 7114(b)(4) may be grounded on the full range of a union's representational activities, and is not confined to the negotiation and enforcement of collective bargaining agreements." Amarillo, 1 F.3d at 22. The Circuit rejected this position, finding it "incompatible with a statutory text" that ties the information right of § 7114(b)(4)(B) to collective bargaining. Id. Because "the existence or requirement of collective bargaining [was] critical to the information right described in 5 U.S.C. § 7114(b)(4)(B)," and "[b]ecause the VA medical personnel ... had no information-rights-generating collective bargaining agreement with the agency, and no statutory right to engage in bargaining," the court concluded that "the FLRA's order [was] unauthorized by the FSLMRS." Id. at 23 (footnote omitted).

Amarillo provides no support for the Under Secretary's March 2010 § 7422 Decision for several reasons. First, Amarillo is distinguishable from this case: whereas the Circuit in Amarillo interpreted a FSLMRS provision that explicitly tied a union's right to obtain information to the collective bargaining process, here the Union's unfair labor practice charges allege violations of FSLMRS rights that, as explained above, are detached from collective bargaining. Moreover, an observation made by the Amarillo court, albeit in dicta, undercuts the Under Secretary's construction of the VHA personnel statute and the FSLMRS. Commenting on the scope of VHA medical professional's labor rights, the Circuit noted that "[a]lthough Title 38 employees had no statutorily-protected right to negotiate collective bargaining agreements [under the then-applicable law], or to administer such agreements through grievance arbitration procedures, they had and retain other rights protected by the FSLMRS, including `the right to form, join, or assist a labor organization without fear of penalty or reprisal.'" Id. at 21 (emphasis added) (quoting United States Dep't of Veterans Affairs, 40 F.L.R.A. 290, 301 (1991)). This statement suggests, consistent with this Court's findings, that the right of collective bargaining under the FSLMRS is indeed distinct from the FSLMRS right at issue here — to form, join, or assist a union without reprisal. Thus, the Under Secretary's reliance on Amarillo is unavailing.

Similarly unpersuasive is the Under Secretary's bare conclusion that "the provisions of the FSLMRS cannot trump 38 U.S.C. § 7422 because where, as here, the provisions of the FSLMRS conflict with the provisions of Title 38, the Title 38 provisions control." See Def.'s Mot., Ex. 1 (March 31, 2010 decision paper) at 8 (citing 38 U.S.C. § 7425(b)). It is true that, under § 7425(b) of the VHA personnel statute, "no provision of [the FSLMRS] or any other law pertaining to the civil service system which is inconsistent with" the VHA personnel statute "shall be considered to supersede, override, or otherwise modify" that statute, absent an express statement of such intent. 38 U.S.C. § 7425(b) (emphasis added). Yet neither the Under Secretary in his March 2010 § 7422 Decision nor the Secretary before this Court has explained how permitting the Union to pursue its unfair labor practice charges under the FSLMRS would be "inconsistent with" any provision of the VHA personnel statute. Nor does the Court discern such a statutory conflict, given that the Union's charges do not relate to excludable matters of collective bargaining within the meaning of § 7422(b).8

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court concludes that the Under Secretary erred in determining that the Union's unfair labor practice charges relate to matters of "collective bargaining" as that term is used in the FSLMRS and 38 U.S.C. § 7422. As a result, the Under Secretary exceeded his statutory authority under 38 U.S.C § 7422(d) by applying to the Union's charges the § 7422(b)(1) collective bargaining exclusion for matters concerning "professional conduct or competence." Because this Court is obligated under the APA to "hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions ... in excess of statutory ... authority," 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(C), the Court denies the Secretary's motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, his motion for summary judgment, and grants in part and denies in part the Union's cross-motion for summary judgment. Specifically, the Union's cross-motion for summary judgment is granted as to Count I of the first amended complaint (seeking relief under 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(C)), and thus the Under Secretary's March 31, 2010 decision paper is vacated. Regarding the Union's request for attorney's fees and costs, the Union shall file a motion setting forth its entitlement to such relief, if any, on or before December 2, 2011. The balance of the Union's cross-motion for summary judgment is denied as moot.

SO ORDERED this 2nd day of November, 2011.9